Apo Reef is a coral reef system in the Philippines situated in the western waters of Occidental Mindoro province in the Mindoro Strait. Encompassing , it is considered the world's second-largest contiguous coral reef system, and is the largest in the country.[Hutchinson, Gretchen and Ventura, Edgar M. (1987). "Philippine Dive Versions", pg. 74. Philippine Dive Versions, Makati.]
Geography and environment
Apo Reef can is about west of the coast of
Mindoro. It is separated from the main island by the Apo East Pass of the Mindoro Strait.
Politically, the reef lies within the jurisdiction of the Province of Occidental Mindoro in
Mimaropa of the Philippines and, more specifically, of the Municipality of
Sablayan.
Important Bird Area
The park has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports a significant
seabird population, with at least 10,000 breeding pairs recorded.
Reef system
Apo Reef is a roughly triangular coral atoll formation approximately from the north to the south tip, and from east to west. It is separated by two lagoon systems, the north and south lagoons which are bounded by narrow reef platforms. It is of almost triangular northern and southern atoll-like reefs separated by a deep channel that is open to the west. The channel runs east to west from deep with a fine white sand bottom, numerous mounds and patches of branching corals under the deep blue water.
The north lagoon is an enclosed triangular coral reef platform partly exposed during low tide. It is relatively shallow with depths of about . While the south lagoon is an inverted triangular coral platform enclosed on two sides and is about in depth. Likewise, reef limestone and coralline sand on the eastern and south-eastern sides dominantly underlie the area.
Studies indicate that the modern reef has grown over an old reef formation during the last glacial cycle approximately 19,000 years ago. The surface morphology of the modern reef is a product of the fluctuating sea levels as the crust under Apo Reef subsides towards Manila Trench.[ Submerged reef features in Apo and Tubbataha Reefs, Philippines, revealed paleo sea-level history during the last deglaciation, Geo-Marine Letters]
Islands
The main geographical feature of Apo Reef is submerged, but three islands mark it on the surface: Apo Island, Apo Menor (locally known as
Binangaan) and Cayos del Bajo ("Keys of the bank", locally known as
Tinangkapan).
[(2014-02-14). "Topography and Soil" . Apo Reef Natural Park Official Website. Retrieved on 2014-09-25.] The islands are uninhabited. Since the declaration of "no-take-zone" policy at Apo Reef Natural Park in 2007, only protected area personnel and members of the Task Force MARLEN (Marine and Apo Reef Law Enforcement for Nature), who are tasked to implement protection and conservation work at the park, stay in the protected area on weekly shifts.
Apo Island
The largest is Apo Island at with
and beach vegetation. The reef surrounding the island extends to in places. Outside the lagoonal mangroves in the eastern and southern sides of Apo Island, the soil is sandy-to-sandy loam that has less silt and clay particles, while the lagoonal mangroves have a sandy loam to clay loam soil, underlain by decomposed plant residues or coarse materials.
Apo Island is separated from Apo Reef by a narrow, deep channel. The island is about from Mindoro and about from Nanga and Tara Islands, the nearest of the islands off Busuanga Island on the western side of the Mindoro Strait. The Apo Reef Light, situated on the north-east part of the island, warns ship about the location of this navigational hazard.[ "United States Coast Pilot Philippine Islands".] The island is situated at a two-and-a-half-hour navigation 240° from Sablayan by pump boat (banka).
The island houses a permanent ranger base which monitors the national park. An administrative desk collects the environmental fees. It is possible to stay overnight in tents subject to certain conditions. Very limited facilities are available onshore to protect the island's fragile ecosystem.
Apo Menor Islet
Apo Menor is located near the western end of Apo Reef, about east of Apo Island.
It is a rocky limestone island with relatively little vegetation.
Cayos del Bajo
Cayos del Bajo are flat coralline rock formations with no vegetation on the northern lagoon near the eastern edge of the reef. At low tide, many small rocks are dry on the reef, particularly along its northern side.
Conservation history
The Apo Reef is a protected area of the Philippines classified as a Natural park encompassing .
Of the total area, comprises the Apo Reef Natural Park while the remaining constitute a
buffer zone surrounding the protected area.
[ "Protected Areas in Region 4B – Mimaropa" . Biodiversity Management Bureau. Retrieved on 2014-09-25.]
Prior to its declaration as a protected area, Apo Reef was first officially declared a "Marine Park" by then Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos in 1980.
In 2006, the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau of the Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources submitted the reef to the UNESCO World Heritage Centre for consideration as a World Heritage Site.
Following a survey by the local chapter of the World Wide Fund for Nature, fishing within the reef was banned by the Philippine government in September 2007.
Apo Reef was declared a national park under Republic Act No. 11038 (Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 2018) signed by President Rodrigo Duterte in July 2018.
Tourism
All people accessing Apo Reef need to pay an environmental fee. Tourist activities are administered by the local government of Sablayan and the local office of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).
[(2014-03-19). "How To Get There" . Apo Reef Natural Park Official Website. Retrieved on 2014-09-25.]
Scuba diving
The main activity of the reef relates to its underwater quality. Scuba diving and snorkeling in Apo Reef area are exceptional due to the quality of the flora, the fauna and the clarity of the water and white sand. Many species can be observed in deep or shallow waters in particular, sharks, giant napoleons, and manta rays.
Marine gallery
File:Giant Napoleon Wrasse in Shark Point Dive Site, Apo Reef, Philippines.jpg|Giant Napoleon Wrasse at Apo Reef
File:Reef4262 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|Yellowmargin triggerfish at Apo Reef
File:Reef4292 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|A cushion star at Apo Reef
File:Reef4313 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|Yellowish white Octocorallia at Apo Reef
File:Reef4318 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|A yellow crinoid at Apo Reef
File:Reef4315 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|A sea cucumber at Apo Reef
See also
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Apo Reef Light
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List of natural parks of the Philippines
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List of protected areas of the Philippines
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List of reefs
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List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines
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Tubbataha Reef
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Verde Island Passage
Bibliography
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Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Conservation of Priority Protected Areas Project, Apo Reef Natural Park Brochure. Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro; List of Proclaimed Marine Protected Areas; Protected Areas And Wildlife Bureau, 2004.
External links
